Group Dynamics and Instructional Design
Abstract
Instruction is communication deliberately planned to broaden the knowledge of the learner. It is carried out to help people learn. It is deliberately planned by analysing the learning needs of the individuals involved, developing instructional content, materials and activities, and evaluating them to ensure that they meet the needs and characteristics of the learners. To be able to plan appropriate instruction, it is important to study the dynamics of the groups on which instruction is applied. This paper looked at group dynamics and its application on instructional design. Some of the ways in which group dynamics affects instructional design is in determining the group size, allocation of time, choice of instructional strategies and media, managing conflicts.
Instruction is communication deliberately planned to broaden the knowledge of the learner. It is carried out to help people learn. It is deliberately planned by analysing the learning needs of the individuals involved, developing instructional content, materials and activities, and evaluating them to ensure that they meet the needs and characteristics of the learners. To be able to plan appropriate instruction, it is important to study the dynamics of the groups on which instruction is applied. This paper looked at group dynamics and its application on instructional design. Some of the ways in which group dynamics affects instructional design is in determining the group size, allocation of time, choice of instructional strategies and media, managing conflicts.
References
2. APA Dictionary of Psychology (2022). Propinquity Effect. https://dictionary.apa.org.
3. Araf, A. (2022). The influence of group dynamics in learning. Trainers Library. https://www.trainerslibrary.org.
4. Aronson, E.; Blaney, N.; Stephen, C; Sikes, J and Snapp, M. (1978). The Jigsaw Classroom. Sage.
5. Awotua-Efebo, E. (1999). Effective Teaching: Principles and Practice. Paragraphics.
6. Boundless Team (2022). Types of Social Groups. Boundless Sociology. https://www.boundlessteam.com.
7. Chand, S. (2022). Group Dynamics: its characteristics, stages, types and other details. https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com.
8. College of DuPage Digital (2022). Dynamics of group communication: group communication across cultures. https://cod.pressbook.pub.
9. Crossman, A. (2019). Understanding primary and secondary groups in sociology. ThoughtCo. https://thoughtco.com.
10. Devore, K. (2021). Primary groups in society: Examples and overviews. Study.com. https://www.study.com.
11. Elliot, S.N.; Kratochwill, T.R.; Cook, J.L. & Travers, J.F. (2002). Effective Teaching. McGraw Hill.
12. Encyclopedia of Social Psychology (2022). Propinquity. SAGE. https://sk.sgepubcom>reference.
13. Fafunwa, A.B. (1974). History of Education in Nigeria. Allen and Unwin.
14. Gagne, R.M. & Briggs, R. (1989). Principles of Instructional Design. RineHart and Winston.
15. Gencer, H. (2019). Group dynamics and behaviour. Universal Journal of Educational Research 7(1): 223-229.
16. Gustafson, K.L. & Branch, R. M. (2002). Survey of Instructional Development Models. Eric.
17. Heinich, R.; Molenda, M.; Russell, J.D.; & Smaldino, S.E. (2002). Instructional Media and Technologies of Learning (7th Ed). Prentice Hall.
18. Heiskanen, M. (2012). Development of group dynamics and cultural competencies in a multicultural study group. http://www.core.ac.uk
19. Instructional Design Central (2022). Instructional design definition. https://www.instructionaldesigncentral.com.
20. Kopp, C.M. (2021). Cross Culture: Definition, example and disadvantages. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com.
21. Krow, E. (2017). Five qualities to improve to be an effective leader. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com.
22. Kruse, K. (2021). What is leadership? Forbes. https://www.forbes.com.
23. McMillan, A. (2022). Group dynamics. Reference for Business. https://www.referenceforbusiness.com.
24. Long-Crowell, E. (2021). Mere exposure and the propinquity effect: theory and examples. Study.com. https://study.com.
25. Mind Tools Content Team (2022). Improving group dynamics – helping your team works more effectively. Mind Tools. https://mindtools.com.
26. Olofu, P.A; Kanu, N.O. & Ugochigborugu, K. M. (2020). Understanding the dynamics of group formation and its application in educational administration in Nigeria: The perspective of interaction and balance theory. BSUJEM 2(1).
27. Osokoya, I.O. (1987). 6-3-3-4 System of Education. Bisinaike.
28. Osokoya, I.O. (1989). History of Nigerian Education in World Perspective. AMD.
29. Paulus, P.B. & Dzindolet, M. (2011). Teams. Encyclopedia of Creativity (2nd ed). https://www.sciencedirect.com.
30. Pearson, J. & Nelson, P. (2000). An introduction to human communication – understanding and sharing. McGraw-Hill.
31. Pennel, W.R.; Boscandin, C.K.; Masyn, K. & Crawford, V.M. (2007. Teaching with student response systems in elementary and secondary education: a survey research. ETR&D. 55(4). August, 2007. P. 315-345.
32. Plans, B. (2020). Group dynamics – organisation, levels, examples, company. Reference for Business. https://referenceforbusiness.com.
33. Schaefer, R.T. (2003). Sociology (5th Ed). McGraw Hill.
34. Schlager, J. (1956). System engineering: key to modern development. IRE Transaction EM-3(3) 64-66). http://doi.10.1109/IRET-EM.1956.5007383.
35. Shah, S. (2022). Primary groups: meaning and characteristics of primary groups. Sociology Discussion. https://www.sociologydiscussion.com.
36. Stevens, R.J. & Slavin, R.E. (1995). The Effect of Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition (CIRC) on academically handicapped and non-handicapped students’ achievement, attitudes and metacognition in reading and writing. Elementary School Journal, 95(2), 241-262.
37. Swarthout, D. (2021). Adjourning stage of group development: Definition and explanation. https://study.com.
38. Talent Development Glossary Terms (2022). What is instructional design? https://www.td.org.
39. Tennyson, R.; Dijkstra, S.; & Seel, N. (1997). Instructional design: International perspectives. Theory, research and models. Vol. 1. Larence Eribaum Associates.
40. Tucker, B. (1965). Developmental sequence in small groups. Psychological Bulletin. 63. 384-399.
41. Wagner, E. (2011). Essay: in search of the secret handshake of ID. The Journal of Applied Instructional Design 1(1): 33-37.
42. Weimer, M. (2013). What group dynamics can teach us about classroom learning. Faculty Focus. https://www.facultyfocus.com.
43. Wilson, & Hanna, (1990). Defining small groups and teams. Department of Communication, Indiana State University. https://kell.indstate.com.
